... on the surfaces nearest to the ground. The “ground effect” parts of an open wheeled car’s aerodynamics are the most aerodynamically efficient and contribute less drag than that associated with, for example, an upper rear wing. While drag reduction is an important part of the research, downforce generation plays...

... of the stripe structures drag reduction occurs. 2) If grains or bed forms reach a height, which leads to separation, a completely different regime prevails, which is determined by the self-organization of separation zones. A prominent example for these bed forms are dunes. 3) Demixing processes, secondary flows...

... flow simulation turbulence external flows Navier-Stokes equations channel flow confined flow computational fluid dynamics drag reduction vortices aerodynamics The continuous growth of computer power strongly encourages engineers to rely on computational fluid dynamics (CFD...