Numerical Investigation of a Vapor Chamber-Assisted Liquid Cooling System for Cylindrical Battery Thermal Management

An efficient battery thermal management system (BTMS) is critical for ensuring the performance and lifespan of the battery module. To enhance the module’s thermal performance, a new liquid cooling (LC) system integrating with vapor chambers for a cylindrical battery module is proposed in this article. Systematically, numerical studies are carried out to compare the performance of three BTMSs: LC, liquid cooling with vapor chamber (LC-VC), and liquid cooling with two-end vapor chambers (LC-2VCs). Results highlight that integrating VC reduces the maximum temperature of the battery module (T_max) and shows a preferable temperature distribution. It is detected that LC-VC displays excellent temperature uniformity performance along a coolant flow path with the maximum temperature difference (ΔT_max) of 6.65 K at a 3C discharge rate compared to the LC case with ΔT_max of 9.18 K. However, it still suffers from a noticeable temperature gradient from the top to the bottom thermal transfer paths. In contrast, LC-2VCs further enhances the temperature uniformity with ΔT_max of 4.72 K and controls T_max of 306.89 K. Then, the effects of the battery axial thermal conductivity, VC effective thermal conductivity, fin height, and inlet velocity on the cooling performance of LC-VC and LC-2VCs are examined. Finally, the cooling performance under optimal conditions is compared to initial conditions. The results show that T_max and ΔT_max for LC-2VCs are controlled at 305.58 K and 3.51 K under 3C discharge rate, and reduce by 1.31 K and 1.21 K, respectively, compared to initial conditions.