Budgets of Disturbances Energy for Nozzle Flows at Subsonic and Choked Regimes

The noise generated by the passage of acoustic and entropy perturbations through subsonic and choked nozzle flows is investigated numerically using an energetic approach. Low-order models are used to reproduce the experimental results of the hot acoustic test rig (HAT) of Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), and energy budgets are performed to characterize the reflection, transmission, and dissipation of the fluctuations. Because acoustic and entropy perturbations are present in the flow in the general case, classical acoustic energy budgets cannot be used and the disturbances energy budgets proposed by Myers (1991, “Transport of Energy by Disturbances in Arbitrary Steady Flows,” J. Fluid Mech., 226, pp. 383–400.) are used instead. Numerical results are in very good agreement with the experiments in terms of acoustic transmission and reflection coefficients. The normal shock present in the diffuser for choked regimes is shown to attenuate the scattered acoustic fluctuations, either by pure dissipation effect or by converting a part of the acoustic energy into entropy fluctuations.