Abstract
This paper investigates the feasibility of the pragmatic implementation of distributed algorithms in real-world cyber-physical systems (CPSs). We detail how distributed (and parallel) computing systems can be realized using existing system-design software for CPS development. A series of experiments is devised and used to verify the information-exchange capacity of the computing nodes and the synchronous and real-time operational effectiveness of the overall distributed computing system development framework. Finally, an actual distributed computing system is realized and validated by executing a fundamental distributed consensus protocol.
Issue Section:
Technical Brief
References
1.
Pivoto
, D. G.
, de Almeida
, L. F.
, da Rosa Righi
, R.
, Rodrigues
, J. J.
, Lugli
, A. B.
, and Alberti
, A. M.
, 2021
, “Cyber-Physical Systems Architectures for Industrial Internet of Things Applications in Industry 4.0: A Literature Review
,” J. Manuf. Syst.
, 58
, pp. 176
–192
. 2.
Chen
, F.
, Tang
, Y.
, Wang
, C.
, Huang
, J.
, Huang
, C.
, Xie
, D.
, Wang
, T.
, and Zhao
, C.
, 2021
, “Medical Cyber-Physical Systems: A Solution to Smart Health and the State of the Art
,” IEEE Trans. Comput. Soc. Syst.
, 9
(5
), pp. 1359
–1386
. 3.
Zhang
, K.
, Shi
, Y.
, Karnouskos
, S.
, Sauter
, T.
, Fang
, H.
, and Colombo
, A. W.
, 2022
, “Advancements in Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems: An Overview and Perspectives
,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform.
, 19
(1
), pp. 716
–729
.4.
Möller
, D. P.
, and Vakilzadian
, H.
, 2016
, “Cyber-Physical Systems in Smart Transportation
,” 2016 IEEE International Conference on Electro Information Technology (EIT)
, Grand Forks, ND
, May 19–21
, IEEE, pp. 0776
–0781
.5.
Mois
, G.
, Sanislav
, T.
, and Folea
, S. C.
, 2016
, “A Cyber-Physical System for Environmental Monitoring
,” IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas.
, 65
(6
), pp. 1463
–1471
. 6.
Yu
, X.
, and Xue
, Y.
, 2016
, “Smart Grids: A Cyber-Physical Systems Perspective
,” Proc. IEEE
, 104
(5
), pp. 1058
–1070
. 7.
Pundir
, A.
, Singh
, S.
, Kumar
, M.
, Bafila
, A.
, and Saxena
, G. J.
, 2022
, “Cyber-Physical Systems Enabled Transport Networks in Smart Cities: Challenges and Enabling Technologies of the New Mobility Era
,” IEEE Access
, 10
, pp. 16350
–16364
. 8.
Guo
, S.
, 2014
, “Special Issue on Cyber-Physical Systems
,” Int. J. Parallel Emergent Distrib. Syst.
, 29
(3
), pp. 213
–214
. 9.
Hu
, L.
, Xie
, N.
, Kuang
, Z.
, and Zhao
, K.
, 2012
, “Review of Cyber-Physical System Architecture
,” 2012 IEEE 15th International Symposium on Object/Component/Service-Oriented Real-Time Distributed Computing Workshops
, Shenzhen
, Apr. 11
, IEEE, pp. 25
–30
.10.
Lee
, E. A.
, 2008
, “Cyber Physical Systems: Design Challenges
,” 2008 11th IEEE International Symposium on Object and Component-Oriented Real-Time Distributed Computing (ISORC)
, Orlando, FL
, May 7–5
, IEEE, pp. 363
–369
.11.
Haque
, S. A.
, Aziz
, S. M.
, and Rahman
, M.
, 2014
, “Review of Cyber-Physical System in Healthcare
,” Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw.
, 10
(4
), p. 217415
. 12.
Yadav
, S. B.
, 2023
, “A Resilient Hierarchical Distributed Model of a Cyber Physical System
,” Cyber-Phys. Syst.
, 9
(2
), pp. 97
–121
. 13.
Hall
, J.
, 2021
, The Design and Implementation of a Real-Time Complex Event Processing Framework for CPS/IoT Systems
.14.
Colombo
, A. W.
, Karnouskos
, S.
, Kaynak
, O.
, Shi
, Y.
, and Yin
, S.
, 2017
, “Industrial Cyberphysical Systems: A Backbone of the Fourth Industrial Revolution
,” IEEE Ind. Electron. Mag.
, 11
(1
), pp. 6
–16
. 15.
Petrenko
, V.
, Tebueva
, F.
, Struchkov
, I.
, and Ryabtsev
, S.
, 2023
, “Model of Trusted Interaction of Agents in Decentralized Cyber-Physical Environment
,” Herald Dagestan State Tech. Univ. Tech. Sci.
, 50
(2
), pp. 134
–141
.16.
Lee
, J.
, Bagheri
, B.
, and Kao
, H.-A.
, 2015
, “A Cyber-Physical Systems Architecture for Industry 4.0-Based Manufacturing Systems
,” Manuf. Lett.
, 3
, pp. 18
–23
. 17.
Mohammadinejad
, S.
, Deshmukh
, J. V.
, and Puranic
, A. G.
, 2020
, “Mining Environment Assumptions for Cyber-Physical System Models
,” 2020 ACM/IEEE 11th International Conference on Cyber-Physical Systems (ICCPS)
, Sydney, Australia
, Apr. 21–25
, IEEE, pp. 87
–97
.18.
Xu
, L.
, Guo
, Q.
, Wang
, Z.
, and Sun
, H.
, 2021
, “Modeling of Time-Delayed Distributed Cyber-Physical Power Systems for Small-Signal Stability Analysis
,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid
, 12
(4
), pp. 3425
–3437
. 19.
Feng
, Y.
, Hu
, B.
, Hao
, H.
, Gao
, Y.
, Li
, Z.
, and Tan
, J.
, 2018
, “Design of Distributed Cyber-Physical Systems for Connected and Automated Vehicles With Implementing Methodologies
,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform.
, 14
(9
), pp. 4200
–4211
. 20.
Rajagopal
, R.
, and Wainwright
, M. J.
, 2010
, “Network-Based Consensus Averaging With General Noisy Channels
,” IEEE Trans. Signal Process.
, 59
(1
), pp. 373
–385
. 21.
Simić
, S. N.
, and Sastry
, S.
, 2003
, “Distributed Environmental Monitoring Using Random Sensor Networks
,” Information Processing in Sensor Networks
, Palo Alto, CA
, Apr. 22–23
, Springer, pp. 582
–592
.22.
Tran
, H.-D.
, Nguyen
, L. V.
, Musau
, P.
, Xiang
, W.
, and Johnson
, T. T.
, 2019
, “Real-Time Verification for Distributed Cyber-Physical Systems
,” Leibniz Trans. Embed. Syst.
, 8
(2
), pp. 1
–19
.23.
Li
, S.
, Zhao
, S.
, Yang
, P.
, Andriotis
, P.
, Xu
, L.
, and Sun
, Q.
, 2019
, “Distributed Consensus Algorithm for Events Detection in Cyber-Physical Systems
,” IEEE Int. Things J.
, 6
(2
), pp. 2299
–2308
. 24.
Eidson
, J. C.
, Lee
, E. A.
, Matic
, S.
, Seshia
, S. A.
, and Zou
, J.
, 2011
, “Distributed Real-Time Software for Cyber-Physical Systems
,” Proc. IEEE
, 100
(1
), pp. 45
–59
. 25.
Xiao
, Y.
, Zhang
, N.
, Li
, J.
, Lou
, W.
, and Hou
, Y. T.
, 2019
, “Distributed Consensus Protocols and Algorithms,” Blockchain for Distributed Systems Security
, S.
Shetty
, C.
Kamhoua
, and L.
Njilla
, eds., John Wiley & Sons
, Hoboken, NJ
, pp. 25
–50
.26.
Kang
, W.
, Kapitanova
, K.
, and Son
, S. H.
, 2012
, “Rdds: A Real-Time Data Distribution Service for Cyber-Physical Systems
,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform.
, 8
(2
), pp. 393
–405
. 27.
Hall
, J.
, and Iqbal
, R.
, 2017
, “Compes: A Command Messaging Service for Iot Policy Enforcement in a Heterogeneous Network
,” 2017 IEEE/ACM Second International Conference on Internet-of-Things Design and Implementation (IoTDI)
, Pittsburgh, PA
, Apr. 18–21
, IEEE, pp. 37
–44
.28.
Lion
, B.
, Arbab
, F.
, and Talcott
, C.
, 2022
, “A Formal Framework for Distributed Cyber-Physical Systems
,” J. Log. Algebr. Methods Program.
, 128
, p. 100795
. 29.
Sood
, V.
, Nema
, M. K.
, Kumar
, R.
, and Nene
, M. J.
, 2022
, “A Framework for Prototyping Distributed Cyber-Physical Systems With Reference Nets
,” Simul. Model. Pract. Theory
, 117
, p. 102488
. 30.
Ilić
, M.
, and Kosanić
, M.
, 2023
, “Distributed Algorithm for Simulating Dynamic Interactions Within a General Cyber-Physical System
,” 2023 11th Workshop on Modelling and Simulation of Cyber-Physical Energy Systems (MSCPES)
, San Antonio, TX
, May 9
, IEEE, pp. 1
–7
.31.
Zhou
, Z.
, Hu
, J.
, Liu
, Q.
, Lou
, P.
, Yan
, J.
, and Li
, W.
, 2018
, “Fog Computing-Based Cyber-Physical Machine Tool System
,” IEEE Access
, 6
, pp. 44580
–44590
. 32.
Coulouris
, G.
, Dollimore
, J.
, and Kindberg
, T.
, 2000
, Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design
, 3rd ed., Addison Wesley
.33.
Magee
, J.
, 2008
, Analyzing Synchronous Distributed Algorithms
.34.
Mills
, D. L.
, 1995
, “Improved Algorithms for Synchronizing Computer Network Clocks
,” IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw.
, 3
(3
), pp. 245
–254
. 35.
Hadzilacos
, V.
, and Toueg
, S.
, 1994
, “A Modular Approach to Fault-Tolerant Broadcasts and Related Problems
,” Tech. rep., Cornell University
.36.
Workneh
, H. T.
, 2021
, “Applied Distributed Fault Diagnosis
,”Master's Thesis, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC.Copyright © 2024 by ASME
You do not currently have access to this content.
