The proper determination of friction condition during metal forming operations is imperative for successful process design and production of parts. Through the years, various methods of determining the friction condition have been proposed, but all methods have some drawbacks. In this study, a new type of friction test named tip test based on backward extrusion of AL6061-O is proposed. The experimental set-up of this method induces the formation of a sharp radial tip on the extruded end of the workpiece. It has been found that the simple geometrical measurement of this radial tip position can be used to effectively determine the friction condition.
Issue Section:
Technical Papers
1.
Male
, A. T.
, and Cockcroft
, M. G.
, 1964
, “A Method for the Determination of the Coefficient of Friction of Metals Under Conditions of Bulk Plastic Deformation
,” J. Inst. Met.
, 93
, pp. 38
–46
.2.
Chen, C. C., and Kobayashi, S., 1978, “Rigid-plastic Finite-element Analysis of Ring Compression,” H. Armen and R. F. Jones Jr., Eds., Applications of Numerical Methods of Forming Processes AMD, Vol. 28, pp. 163–174.
3.
Nakamura, T., Zhang, Z. L., and Kimura, H., 1996, “Evaluation of Various Lubricants for Cold Forging Processes of Different Aluminum Alloys,” ICFG Do. No 2/96.
4.
Ohinishi, K., Gotho, H., Wadabayashi, R., Idemizu, T., and Shimabara, H., 1986, “Evaluation of Lubricants for Warm Forging By Forward-Backward Extrusion,” The Proceedings of the 1986 Japanese Spring Conference for the Technology of Plasticity, pp. 123–126.
5.
Sanchez, T. R., Weinmann, K., and Story, J. M., 1985, “A Friction Test for Extrusion based on Combined Forward and Backward Flow,” Proceedings of the 13th North American Manufacturing Research Conference, pp. 110–117.
6.
Popilek, M. E., Weinmann, K. J., and Majlessi, S. A., 1992, “A Friction Test based on Combined Backward Can-Forward Bar Extrusion with Emphasis on Backward Flow,” Transactions of NAMRI/SME, Vol. 20, pp. 25–31.
7.
Kuzman
, K.
, Pfeifer
, E.
, Bay
, N.
, and Hunding
, J.
, 1996
, “Control of Material Flow in a Combined Backward Can-Forward Rod Extrusion
,” J. Mater. Process. Technol.
, 60
, pp. 141
–147
.8.
Nakamura
, T.
, Bay
, N.
, and Zhang
, Z.-L.
, 1997
, “FEM Simulation of Friction Testing Method Based on Combined Forward Rod-Backward Can Extrusion
,” ASME J. Tribol.
, 119
, pp. 501
–506
.9.
Buschhausen
, A.
, Weinmann
, K.
, Lee
, J. Y.
, and Altan
, T.
, 1992
, “Evaluation of Lubrication and Friction in Cold Forging Using a Double Backward-Extrusion Process
,” J. Mater. Process. Technol.
, 33
, pp. 95
–108
.10.
Dohda, K., and Wang, Z., 1996, “Investigation into Friction Behavior in Double Cup Extrusion,” ICFG Do. No. 8/96.
11.
Nakamura
, T.
, Bay
, N.
, and Zhang
, Z.-L.
, 1998
, “FEM Simulation of Friction Testing Method Based on Combined Forward Conical Can-Backward Straight Can Extrusion
,” ASME J. Tribol.
, 120
, pp. 716
–723
.12.
Im
, Y. T.
, Vardan
, O.
, Shen
, G.
, and Altan
, T.
, 1988
, “Investigation of Metal Flow in Non-Isothermal Forging Using Ring and Spike Test
,” CIRP Ann.
, 37
, pp. 225
–230
.13.
Isogawa
, S.
, Kimura
, A.
, and Tozawa
, Y.
, 1992
, “Proposal of an Evaluation Method on Lubrication
,” CIRP Ann.
, 41
, pp. 263
–266
.14.
Shen
, G.
, Vedhanayagam
, A.
, Kropp
, E.
, and Altan
, T.
, 1992
, “A Method for Evaluating Friction Using a Backward Extrusion-type Forging
,” J. Mater. Process. Technol.
, 33
, pp. 109
–123
.15.
Nishimura
, T.
, Sato
, T.
, and Tada
, Y.
, 1995
, “Evaluation of Frictional Conditions for Various Tool Materials and Lubricants using the Injection-Upsetting Method
,” J. Mater. Process. Technol.
, 53
, pp. 726
–735
.16.
Hussain, P. B., Cheon, J. S., Kwak, D. Y., Kim, S. Y., and Im, Y. T., 2002, “Simulation of Clutch-Hub Forging Process Using CAMPform,” J. Mater. Process. Technol., to appear.
17.
Kim
, H. S.
, Im
, Y. T.
, and Geiger
, M.
, 1999
, “Prediction of Ductile Fracture in Cold Forging of Aluminum Alloy
,” ASME J. Manuf. Sci. Eng.
, 121
, pp. 336
–344
.18.
ICFG, 1983, “General Recommendations for Design, Manufacture and Operational Aspects of Cold Extrusion Tools for Steel Components,” ICFG Do. No. 6/82, International Cold Forging Group, Portullis Press.
Copyright © 2002
by ASME
You do not currently have access to this content.