The mechanical behavior of closed-cell aluminum foam composites under different compressive loadings has been investigated. Closed-cell aluminum foam composites made using the liquid metallurgy route were reinforced with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with different concentrations, namely, 1%, 2%, and 3% by weight. The reinforced foams were experimentally tested under dynamic compression using the split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) system over a range of strain rates (up to 2200 s−1). For comparison, aluminum foams were also tested under quasi-static compression. It was observed that closed-cell aluminum foam composites are strain rate sensitive. The mechanical properties of CNT reinforced Al-foams, namely, yield stress, plateau stress, and energy absorption capacity are significantly higher than that of monolithic Al-foam under both low and high strain rates.
Issue Section:
Research Papers
References
1.
De Meller
, M. A.
, 1925
, “Produit Métall. pour l'obtention d'objets Laminés
,” French Patent, 615
(147), p. 1926.2.
Gibson
, L. J.
, and Ashby
, M. F.
, 1997
, Cellular Solids: Structure and Properties
, 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press
, Cambridge, UK
.3.
Banhart
, J.
, and Seeliger
, H. W.
, 2008
, “Aluminium Foam Sandwich Panels: Manufacture, Metallurgy and Applications
,” Adv. Eng. Mater.
, 10
(9
), pp. 793
–802
.4.
Fuganti
, B. A.
, and Lorenzi
, L.
, 2000
, “Aluminium Foam for Automotive Applications
,” Adv. Eng. Mater.
, 2
(4
), pp. 200
–204
.5.
Srinath
, G.
, Vadiraj
, A.
, Balachandran
, G.
, Sahu
, S. N.
, and Gokhale
, A. A.
, 2010
, “Characteristics of Aluminium Metal Foam for Automotive Applications
,” Trans. Indian Inst. Met.
, 63
(5
), pp. 765
–772
.6.
GDA
, 2014
, “A High-Speed Train Made of Aluminium Foam
,” Gesamtverband der Aluminiumindustrie, Germany, accessed May 3, 2016, http://www.aluinfo.de/index.php/gda-news-en/items/a-high-speed-train-made-of-aluminium-foam.html (discontinued).7.
Ashby
, M. F.
, and Medalist
, R. F. M.
, 1983
, “The Mechanical Properties of Cellular Solids
,” Metall. Trans. A
, 14
(9
), pp. 1755
–1769
.8.
Bhat
, B.
, and Wang
, T. G.
, 1990
, “A Comparison of Mechanical Properties of Some Foams and Honeycombs
,” J. Mater. Sci.
, 25
(12
), pp. 5157
–5162
.9.
Simone
, A. E.
, and Gibson
, L. J.
, 1997
, “Efficient Structural Components Using Porous Metals
,” Mater. Sci. Eng. A
, 229
(1–2
), pp. 55
–62
.10.
Gibson
, L. J.
, 2000
, “Mechanical Behavior of Metallic Foams
,” Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci.
, 30
(1
), pp. 191
–227
.11.
Mukai
, T.
, Kanahashi
, H.
, Miyoshi
, T.
, Mabuchi
, M.
, Nieh
, T. G.
, and Higashi
, K.
, 1999
, “Experimental Study of Energy Absorption in a Close-Celled Aluminum Foam Under Dynamic Loading
,” Scr. Mater.
, 40
(8
), pp. 921
–927
.12.
Dannemann
, K. A.
, and Lankford
, J.
, 2000
, “High Strain Rate Compression of Closed-Cell Aluminium Foams
,” Mater. Sci. Eng. A
, 293
(1–2
), pp. 157
–164
.13.
Deshpande
, V. S.
, and Fleck
, N. A.
, 2000
, “High Strain Rate Compressive Behaviour of Aluminium Alloy Foams
,” Int. J. Impact Eng.
, 24
(3
), pp. 277
–298
.14.
Raj
, R. E.
, Parameswaran
, V.
, and Daniel
, B. S. S.
, 2009
, “Comparison of Quasi-Static and Dynamic Compression Behavior of Closed-Cell Aluminum Foam
,” Mater. Sci. Eng. A
, 526
(1–2
), pp. 11
–15
.15.
Zhao
, H.
, Elnasri
, I.
, and Abdennadher
, S.
, 2005
, “An Experimental Study on the Behaviour Under Impact Loading of Metallic Cellular Materials
,” Int. J. Mech. Sci.
, 47
(4–5
), pp. 757
–774
.16.
Mukai
, T.
, Miyoshi
, T.
, Nakano
, S.
, Somekawa
, H.
, and Higashi
, K.
, 2006
, “Compressive Response of a Closed-Cell Aluminum Foam at High Strain Rate
,” Scr. Mater.
, 54
(4
), pp. 533
–537
.17.
Kang
, Y.
, Zhang
, J.
, and Tan
, J.
, 2007
, “Compressive Behavior of Aluminum Foams at Low and High Strain Rates
,” J. Cent. South Univ. Technol.
, 14
(1
), pp. 301
–305
.18.
Mondal
, D. P.
, Goel
, M. D.
, and Das
, S.
, 2009
, “Effect of Strain Rate and Relative Density on Compressive Deformation Behaviour of Closed Cell Aluminum-Fly Ash Composite Foam
,” Mater. Des.
, 30
(4
), pp. 1268
–1274
.19.
Cady
, C. M.
, Gray
, G. T.
, Liu
, C.
, Lovato
, M. L.
, and Mukai
, T.
, 2009
, “Compressive Properties of a Closed-Cell Aluminum Foam as a Function of Strain Rate and Temperature
,” Mater. Sci. Eng. A
, 525
(1–2
), pp. 1
–6
.20.
Irausquín
, I.
, Pérez-Castellanos
, J. L.
, Miranda
, V.
, and Teixeira-Dias
, F.
, 2013
, “Evaluation of the Effect of the Strain Rate on the Compressive Response of a Closed-Cell Aluminium Foam Using the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar Test
,” Mater. Des.
, 47
, pp. 698
–705
.21.
Mondal
, D. P.
, Goel
, M. D.
, and Das
, S.
, 2009
, “Compressive Deformation and Energy Absorption Characteristics of Closed Cell Aluminum-Fly Ash Particle Composite Foam
,” Mater. Sci. Eng. A
, 507
(1–2
), pp. 102
–109
.22.
Ravi Kumar
, N. V.
, Ramachandra Rao
, N.
, Sudhakar
, B.
, and Gokhale
, A. A.
, 2010
, “Foaming Experiments on LM25 Alloy Reinforced With SiC Particulates
,” Mater. Sci. Eng. A
, 527
(21–22
), pp. 6082
–6090
.23.
Mu
, Y.
, Yao
, G.
, Cao
, Z.
, Luo
, H.
, and Zu
, G.
, 2011
, “Strain-Rate Effects on the Compressive Response of Closed-Cell Copper-Coated Carbon Fiber/Aluminum Composite Foam
,” Scr. Mater.
, 64
(1
), pp. 61
–64
.24.
Esmaeelzadeh
, S.
, Simchi
, A.
, and Lehmhus
, D.
, 2006
, “Effect of Ceramic Particle Addition on the Foaming Behavior, Cell Structure and Mechanical Properties of P/M AlSi7 Foam
,” Mater. Sci. Eng. A
, 424
(1–2
), pp. 290
–299
.25.
Sarajan
, Z.
, and Sedigh
, M.
, 2009
, “Influences of Titanium Hydride (TiH2) Content and Holding Temperature in Foamed Pure Aluminum
,” Mater. Manuf. Process.
, 24
(5
), pp. 590
–593
.26.
Mukherjee
, M.
, Ramamurty
, U.
, Garcia-Moreno
, F.
, and Banhart
, J.
, 2010
, “The Effect of Cooling Rate on the Structure and Properties of Closed-Cell Aluminium Foams
,” Acta Mater.
, 58
(15
), pp. 5031
–5042
.27.
Duarte
, I.
, Ventura
, E.
, Olhero
, S.
, and Ferreira
, J. M.
, 2015
, “A Novel Approach to Prepare Aluminium-Alloy Foams Reinforced by Carbon-Nanotubes
,” Mater. Lett.
, 160
, pp. 162
–166
.28.
Wang
, J.
, Yang
, X.
, Zhang
, M.
, Li
, J.
, Shi
, C.
, Zhao
, N.
, and Zou
, T.
, 2015
, “A Novel Approach to Obtain In-Situ Growth Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Aluminum Foams With Enhanced Properties
,” Mater. Lett.
, 161
, pp. 763
–766
.29.
Yadav
, V.
, and Harimkar
, S. P.
, 2011
, “Microstructure and Properties of Spark Plasma Sintered Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Aluminum Matrix Composites
,” Adv. Eng. Mater.
, 13
(12
), pp. 1128
–1134
.30.
Jagannatham
, M.
, Sankaran
, S.
, and Haridoss
, P.
, 2015
, “Microstructure and Mechanical Behavior of Copper Coated Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes Reinforced Aluminum Composites
,” Mater. Sci. Eng. A
, 638
, pp. 197
–207
.31.
Hamada
, T.
, Kanahashi
, H.
, Miyoshi
, T.
, and Kanetake
, N.
, 2009
, “Effects of the Strain Rate and Alloying on the Compression Characteristics of Closed Cell Aluminum Foams
,” Mater. Trans.
, 50
(6
), pp. 1418
–1425
.32.
ASTM
, 2011
, “Standard Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size
,” ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, Standard No. E112-10
.33.
Chen
, W.
, and Song
, B.
, 2011
, Spilt Hopkinson (Kolsky)Bar: Design, Testing and Applications
, Springer
, New York
.34.
Gama
, B. A.
, Lopatnikov
, S. L.
, and Gillespie
, J. W.
, 2004
, “Hopkinson Bar Experimental Technique: A Critical Review
,” ASME Appl. Mech. Rev.
, 57
(4
), pp. 223
–250
.35.
Meyers
, M. A.
, 1994
, Dynamic Behavior of Materials
, Wiley
, New York.36.
Subhash
, G.
, and Ravichandran
, G.
, 2000
, “Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bar Testing of Ceramics
,” ASM Handbook
(Mechanical Testing and Evaluation), 8th ed., ASM International
, Materials Park, OH
, pp. 497
–504
.37.
Frew
, D. J.
, Forrestal
, M. J.
, and Chen
, W. W.
, 2002
, “Pulse Shaping Techniques for Testing Brittle Materials With a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar
,” Exp. Mech.
, 42
(1
), pp. 93
–106
.38.
Vecchio
, K. S.
, and Jiang
, F.
, 2007
, “Improved Pulse Shaping to Achieve Constant Strain Rate and Stress Equilibrium in Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bar Testing
,” Metall. Mater. Trans. A
, 38
(11
), pp. 2655
–2665
.39.
Khanna
, S. K.
, and Phan
, H. T. T.
, 2015
, “High Strain Rate Behavior of Graphene Reinforced Polyurethane Composites
,” ASME J. Eng. Mater. Technol.
, 137
(2
), p. 021005
.Copyright © 2018 by ASME
You do not currently have access to this content.
