... of the tube metal deformed into the annular grooves to permit the applied loads to be carried to the welds. dynamic testing welding pipes welds elastic deformation plastic deformation tensile strength nuclear power stations annular grooves explosive tube expanding hydraulic expanding leak...

...Stanley Yokell This paper advocates correlating rolling torque or hydraulic expanding pressure with shear load strength instead of percent wall reduction as the criterion of expanding adequacy for thin-walled tubes. It compares magnitudes of measurements required to estimate wall reduction...