Instead of using the conventional oxidation theory to depict a disk’s wear rate as a function of contact temperature, the response surface method (RSM) is herein introduced to relieve the one-factor-at-a-time defect in portraying tribological characteristics. By means of a central composite design technique, fewer operating conditions are needed to establish expressions for the wear rate parameter, the contact temperature and the friction coefficient as a function of sliding speed and applied load. A second degree polynomial was used to represent a curved surface which fits the experimental data. In addition to results for the designated operating conditions, wear rate parameters and contact temperatures obtained from the polynomials were compared with the experimental results. The activation energy in the wear rate expression can be derived from a function of sliding speed, applied load, and contact temperature. The experimental data for the wear rate parameter can be described by smooth curves, instead of two different straight lines in two temperature divisions.

Issue Section:
Research Papers
Topics:
Carbon, Response surface methodology, Steel, Tribology, Wear, Temperature, Polynomials, Stress, Composite materials, Engineering design processes, Friction, Oxidation
1.
Archard
J. F.
, and
Hirst
W.
,
1956
, “
The Wear of Metals under Unlubricated Conditions
,”
Proc. R. Soc.
, Vol.
236
, pp.
397
–
405
.
2.
Archard
J. F.
, and
Rowntree
R. A.
,
1988
, “
The Temperature of Rubbing Bodies, Part 2, The Distribution of Temperatures
,”
Wear
, Vol.
128
, No.
1
, pp.
1
–
17
.
3.
Bisson, E. F., Johnson, R. L., and Swibert, M. A., 1955, “Friction Wear and Surface Damage of Metals as Affected by Solid Films,” NASA Tech. Note 3444.
4.
Blok
H.
,
1937
, “
General Discussion on Lubrication and Lubricants
,”
Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng.
, Vol.
2
, pp.
14
–
21
.
5.
Box, G. E. P., 1954, “The Exploration and Exploitation of Response Surfaces Some General Consideration and Examples,” Biometrics, No. 12, pp. 16–35.
6.
Box, G. E. P., and Draper, N. R., 1987, Empirical Model Building and Response Surfaces, Wiley, New York.
7.
Box
G. E. P.
, and
Hunter
J. S.
,
1957
, “
Multifactor Experimental Designs for Exploring Response Surfaces
,”
The Annals of Mathematical Statistics
, Vol.
28
, pp.
195
–
241
.
8.
Box, G. E. P., and Wilson, K. B., 1951, “On the Experimental Attainment of Optimum Conditions,” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B, No. 13, pp. 1–45.
9.
Burwell
J. T
. and
Strang
C. D.
,
1952
, “
Metallic Wear
,”
Proc. Roy. Soc.
, Vol.
212A
, pp.
470
–
477
.
10.
Childs
T. H. C.
,
1980
, “
The Sliding Wear Mechanisms of Metals, Mainly Steels
,”
Tribology International
, Vol.
16
,
285
–
293
.
11.
Clark
W. T.
,
Pritchard
C.
, and
Midgley
J. W.
,
1967
, “
Mild Wear of Unlubricated Hard Steels in Air and Carbon Dioxide
,”
Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng.
, Vol.
182
, pp.
99
–
121
.
12.
Fischer, T. E., and Sexton, M. D., 1984, Physical Chemistry of the Solid State, P. Lacombe, ed., Elsevier, Amsterdam.
13.
Fung, Y. C., 1965, Foundations of Solid Mechanics, Prentice-Hall, NJ.
14.
Good, J. N., and Godfrey, D., 1947, “Change Found on Run-In and Scuffed Surfaces of Steel, Chrome Plate and Cast Iron,” NASA Tech. Note 1432.
15.
Hong
H.
,
Hochman
R. F.
, and
Quinn
T. F. J.
,
1987
, “
A New Approach to the Oxidational Theory of Mild Wear
,”
STLE
, Vol.
31
, pp.
71
–
75
.
16.
Hong
H.
, and
Winer
W. O.
,
1989
, “
A Fundamental Tribological Study of Ti/AI2O3 Contact in Sliding Wear
,”
ASME JOURNAL OF TRIBOLOGY
, Vol.
111
, pp.
504
–
509
.
17.
Iwata
K.
, and
Aihara
J.
,
1984
, “
Shear Strength of the Adhesion Junction between Contact Surfaces Formed at High Pressures and Temperatures
,”
Wear
, Vol.
97
, pp.
275
–
290
.
18.
Jaeger
J. C.
,
1942
, “
Moving Sources of Heat and the Temperature at Sliding Surfaces
,”
Proc. R. Soc. NSW
, Vol.
66
, pp.
203
–
224
.
19.
Kuhlmann-Wilsdorf
D.
,
1987
, “
Temperatures at Interfacial Contact Spots: Dependence on Velocity and on Role Reversal Two materials in Sliding Contact
,”
ASME JOURNAL OF TRIBOLOGY
, Vol.
109
, pp.
321
–
329
.
20.
Lim
S. C.
, and
Ashby
M. F.
,
1987
, “
Wear-Mechanism Maps
,”
Acta Metall.
, Vol.
3
, No.
1
, pp.
1
–
24
.
21.
Lin
J. F.
,
Chou
C. C.
, and
Yang
J. W.
,
1996
, “
Thermal Analysis of a Medium-Carbon Steel Tribo-System and Its Application to Oxidational Wear
,”
ASME JOURNAL OF TRIBOLOGY
, Vol.
118
, No.
4
, pp.
728
–
739
.
22.
Quinn
T. F. J.
,
1967
, “
The Effect of Hot Spot Temperature on the Unlubricated Wear of Steel
,”
ASLE Trans.
, Vol.
10
, pp.
158
–
168
.
23.
Quinn
T. F. J.
,
1971
, “
Oxidational Wear
,”
Wear
, Vol.
18
, pp.
413
–
419
.
24.
Quinn
T. F. J.
,
1978
, “
The Division of Heat and Surface Temperatures at Sliding Steel Interfaces and Their Relation to Oxidational Wear
,”
ASLE Trans.
, Vol.
21
, pp.
78
–
86
.
25.
Quinn
T. F. J.
,
1992
, “
Oxidational Wear Modelling: I
,”
Wear
, Vol.
153
, No.
1
, pp.
179
–
200
.
26.
Quinn
T. F. J.
,
Rowson
D. M.
, and
Sullivan
J. L.
,
1980
, “
Application of the Oxidational Theory of Mild Wear to the Sliding Wear of Low Alloy Steel
,”
Wear
, Vol.
65
, pp.
1
–
20
.
27.
Quinn
T. F. J.
, and
Winer
W. O.
,
1987
, “
An Experimental Study of the “Hot-Spots” Occurring During the Oxidational Wear of Tool Steel on Sapphire
,”
ASME JOURNAL OF TRIBOLOGY
, Vol.
109
, pp.
315
–
320
.
28.
Quinn
T. F. J.
,
1994
, “
Oxidational Wear Modelling: Part II. The General Theory of Oxidational Wear
,”
Wear
, Vol.
175
, pp.
199
–
208
.
29.
Rowe
C. N.
,
1966
, “
Some Aspects of the Heat Adsorption in the Function of a Boundary Lubricant
,”
ASLE Trans.
, Vol.
9
, pp.
101
–
111
.
30.
Rowson
D. M.
, and
Quinn
T. F. J.
,
1980
, “
Frictional Heating and the Oxidational Theory of Wear
,”
J. Phys. D.
, Vol.
13
, pp.
209
–
219
.
31.
Sexton
M. D.
, and
Fischer
T. E.
,
1984
, “
The Mild Wear of 52100 Steel
,”
Wear
, Vol.
96
, pp.
17
–
30
.
32.
So
H.
,
1995
, “
The Mechanism of Oxidational Wear
,”
Wear
, Vol.
184
, pp.
161
–
167
.
33.
Sullivan
J. L.
, and
Athwal
S. S.
,
1983
, “
Mild Wear of a Low Alloy Steel at Temperatures up to 500°C
,”
Tribology International
, Vol.
16
, pp.
123
–
131
.
34.
Stott
F. H.
,
Lin
D. S.
,
Wood
G. F.
, and
Stevenson
C. W.
,
1969
, “
The Tribological Behavior of Nickle and Nickle-Chromium Alloys at Temperatures from 20°C to 800°C
,”
Wear
, Vol.
36
, pp.
147
–
174
.
35.
Tao
F. F.
,
1969
, “
A Study of Oxidational Phenomena in Corrosive Wear
,”
ASLE Trans.
, Vol.
12
, pp.
97
–
105
.
36.
Tenwick
N.
, and
Earles
S. W. E.
,
1971
, “
A Simplified Theory for the Oxidative Wear of Steels
,”
Wear
, Vol.
18
, pp.
381
–
391
.
37.
Wagner
C. Z.
,
1959
,
Elektrochem.
, Vol.
63
, p.
772
772
.
This content is only available via PDF.
Copyright © 1999
 by The American Society of Mechanical Engineers
You do not currently have access to this content.