...Shuxin Jiang; Jing Du; Shuang Wang; Chang Li The study investigated the propagation characteristics of surface-initiated cracks in slewing bearing steel and analyzed the influence of initial crack length and orientation on crack propagation. A cohesive zone model incorporating continuum damage...

... contacts. Crack initiation as well as propagation stages are modeled using damaged material zones in a unified framework. The spalling phenomenon is found to occur through microcrack initiation below the surface where multiple microcracks coalesce and subsequent cracks propagate to the surface...